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Yellow Diamond

Yellow Diamond A coloured diamond with a natural yellow body colour.

A yellow diamond is a coloured diamond characterised by its natural yellow body colour. Yellow must be the predominant colour in the diamond, though it can be modified by other hues, such as green, orange, or brown, which can influence the overall appearance of the stone.

Key Characteristics of Yellow Diamonds
Colour Origin:

The yellow colour in diamonds is primarily caused by the presence of nitrogen atoms within the diamond’s crystal structure. These nitrogen atoms absorb blue light, which results in a yellowish hue. The more nitrogen present, the more intense the yellow colour can become.
This unique characteristic makes yellow diamonds distinct from other coloured diamonds, such as blue diamonds, which gain their colour from the presence of boron.
Colour Variations:

While yellow diamonds are often uniformly yellow, the shade and intensity of the yellow can vary widely. Some may show a subtle, faint yellow, while others exhibit a vibrant, rich yellow that is striking and eye-catching.
The yellow can sometimes be modified by secondary hues. For instance, greenish-yellow diamonds might show a yellow-green tinge, while brownish-yellow diamonds can appear more earthy or muted. These variations in colour can affect the diamond’s overall value and appeal.
Canary Diamonds:

The term “canary diamond” refers to a particularly vivid, intense yellow diamond. These diamonds are much rarer than the more common yellow diamonds, and their colour can range from brilliant lemon yellow to golden hues.
Canary diamonds are highly prized in the market for their bright, vibrant appearance and often fetch higher prices due to their rarity and striking colour.
Rarity and Availability:

Natural yellow diamonds are relatively common compared to some other coloured diamonds, like pink or blue diamonds. However, the intensity and depth of the yellow colour can influence the rarity and desirability of a diamond.
Yellow diamonds are found in several regions around the world, including Africa, Australia, and South America.
Grading Yellow Diamonds:

Like all diamonds, yellow diamonds are graded on a combination of colour, clarity, cut, and carat weight. However, when grading coloured diamonds, the hue, tone, and saturation are the primary focus.
Hue refers to the primary colour of the diamond (in this case, yellow), tone refers to the lightness or darkness of the colour, and saturation measures the intensity of the colour. A high saturation, deep yellow diamond will generally be more valuable than a pale or less saturated one.
The most sought-after yellow diamonds have a vivid yellow hue with high saturation and a pleasing, even colour distribution throughout the stone.
Symbolism and Use:

Yellow diamonds are often associated with happiness, wealth, and success due to their vibrant, sunny appearance. They can also symbolise optimism and joy, making them a popular choice for engagement rings, jewellery, and special gifts.
Due to their striking appearance, yellow diamonds are often used in high-end jewellery, where their bold colour can stand out and create a dramatic effect.
Price and Market Appeal:

The price of yellow diamonds can vary significantly depending on factors like colour intensity, clarity, and size. Vivid yellow diamonds, particularly those with a deep, rich hue, tend to fetch higher prices due to their rarity and the high demand in the luxury market.
However, the relative abundance of yellow diamonds compared to other coloured diamonds like pink or blue means they are often more affordable than rarer varieties.

Yellow diamonds are a beautiful and unique variety of coloured diamonds, with their colour arising from the presence of nitrogen in their crystal structure. While yellow diamonds are relatively common, those with intense yellow hues, such as canary diamonds, are rarer and more valuable. These diamonds are graded based on their hue, tone, and saturation, and are prized for their vivid and radiant appearance. They are a popular choice in fine jewellery, symbolising happiness, wealth, and success, while also offering an affordable yet striking alternative to more expensive coloured diamonds.

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World Federation of Diamond Bourses

The World Federation of Diamond Bourses (WFDB) is an international confederation of diamond bourses, or exchanges, which serve as key trading platforms for diamonds globally. Established to promote ethical standards and professional conduct in the diamond trade, the WFDB plays a vital role in the regulation and standardisation of diamond transactions, ensuring integrity and fairness within the global diamond industry.

Key Functions and Roles of the WFDB
Ethical and Professional Conduct:

The WFDB sets and enforces strict ethical guidelines for its members, ensuring that diamond transactions are conducted with honesty, transparency, and fairness. These rules cover areas such as business practices, trade ethics, and legal compliance.
Members of the WFDB are committed to responsible sourcing, adhering to established ethical principles to avoid the trade in conflict diamonds and ensuring that diamonds are sourced and traded in a manner that is both sustainable and legally compliant.
International Coordination:

The WFDB serves as a central body to unify the operations of diamond bourses worldwide. It facilitates international cooperation between diamond exchanges, promoting collaboration and standardisation of diamond trading practices across national borders.
The federation works to harmonise diamond grading standards, transaction protocols, and dispute resolution mechanisms to ensure a smooth and unified global market.
Advocacy and Representation:

The WFDB represents the interests of diamond bourses and their members in the global marketplace. It advocates for policies that promote the growth and health of the diamond industry and addresses issues related to trade barriers, industry regulations, and market access.
The organisation is a key voice in the international dialogue surrounding the diamond industry and plays an important role in discussions on sustainability, ethical sourcing, and the future of diamond trading.
Promoting Fair Trade and Transparency:

One of the WFDB’s core missions is to foster transparency within the diamond trade. By promoting the use of standardized grading systems and supporting initiatives like the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, the WFDB helps to ensure that diamonds traded on its exchanges meet high standards of quality, legality, and ethical sourcing.
The WFDB also offers guidelines and training to ensure that diamond professionals operate with integrity and respect for the rules governing the industry.
Support for Diamond Bourses:

The WFDB offers support to diamond bourses around the world, helping them operate efficiently and ethically. It provides a platform for member bourses to share information, best practices, and market trends, strengthening the global diamond trade community.
Member bourses benefit from the WFDB’s global influence, networking opportunities, and access to a trusted, reliable marketplace.
Commitment to the Diamond Industry’s Future:

The WFDB is committed to the sustainable development of the diamond industry, supporting initiatives that promote long-term growth, environmental responsibility, and the welfare of local communities involved in diamond production.
It works to ensure that the industry remains robust and responsive to changing market conditions, regulatory requirements, and technological advancements, such as synthetic diamonds and blockchain technology.
Membership and Structure
The WFDB is composed of diamond bourses from around the world. These exchanges are member-owned organisations that serve as trade hubs for diamond dealers and manufacturers.
Membership in the WFDB is typically reserved for diamond dealers, manufacturers, and other professionals who engage in the wholesale trading of diamonds.
The WFDB’s structure is democratic, with each member bourse having a say in the decisions that affect the global diamond trade. This ensures that the needs and concerns of the broader industry are represented in the WFDB’s actions.

The World Federation of Diamond Bourses (WFDB) plays a critical role in maintaining ethical standards and promoting professional conduct within the global diamond trade. By unifying diamond bourses worldwide and setting clear rules and guidelines for diamond trading, the WFDB helps foster transparency, fairness, and integrity in the industry. Its efforts to advocate for ethical sourcing, sustainability, and responsible trade practices ensure that the diamond market remains strong, trusted, and sustainable for the future.

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Wavy Girdle

Wavy Girdle Girdle that is uneven in thickness and/or does not follow a straight plane around a diamond

A wavy girdle refers to a girdle of a diamond that is uneven in thickness or does not maintain a consistent, smooth plane all the way around the diamond’s circumference. This type of girdle is irregular, and rather than being perfectly straight and uniform, it undulates, creating a wave-like pattern along the edge of the diamond.

Key Characteristics of a Wavy Girdle
Uneven Thickness:

In a wavy girdle, the thickness of the girdle is not uniform. Some sections may be slightly thicker, while others are thinner. This unevenness in thickness can create a noticeable waviness around the diamond’s edge.
The girdle is the outermost edge of the diamond, and its thickness is important in protecting the stone from chips and fractures. A wavy girdle may make the diamond more prone to damage in certain areas due to its inconsistency.
Shape and Appearance:

A wavy girdle does not follow a straight, flat plane around the diamond. Instead, it may have a more undulating, curving, or irregular appearance. This undulation can result from imperfections in the rough diamond or the cutting process.
The effect is not always visible to the naked eye but can be detected under magnification or with careful inspection, especially if the waves are pronounced.
Effect on Symmetry:

The symmetry of a diamond is a critical aspect of its overall cut grade. A wavy girdle negatively impacts the symmetry of the diamond, as it deviates from the ideal, uniform shape that is expected from a well-cut diamond.
Since symmetry is a significant factor in the visual appeal of a diamond, a wavy girdle can detract from the diamond’s overall aesthetic and brilliance. It may cause slight misalignment in the overall shape of the diamond, making it appear less polished or balanced.
Impact on Diamond Grading:

When grading a diamond, the symmetry and girdle quality are evaluated. A wavy girdle will typically result in a lower symmetry grade. The grading report will often reflect this flaw, which can affect the overall value of the diamond.
A diamond with a wavy girdle may receive a grade that indicates some loss of symmetry, which can influence its desirability for certain buyers.
Causes of a Wavy Girdle:

A wavy girdle can result from the natural formation of the diamond in the earth or from imperfections in the cutting process. When the diamond is being cut, a lack of precision or inconsistency in the cutting machinery can lead to uneven girdle contours.
The shape of the original rough diamond may also play a role in the creation of a wavy girdle. In some cases, rough diamonds may have natural cracks, inclusions, or irregularities that cause the girdle to be cut unevenly.
Potential for Damage:

While the girdle is designed to protect the diamond from damage, a wavy girdle can sometimes create weak points or areas that are more vulnerable to chipping or cracking. Since the thickness varies along the edge, certain areas of the girdle may be thinner, making those points more prone to injury.
Aesthetic Impact:

Although a wavy girdle may not be immediately noticeable, it can impact the overall shape of the diamond, especially in certain cuts. For instance, in round brilliant or princess cuts, where symmetry is key, a wavy girdle may disrupt the round or square shape, creating an unbalanced or slightly skewed appearance.
For diamonds with specific shapes, such as emerald or pear-shaped, a wavy girdle can alter the uniformity of the outline, which may detract from the symmetry and elegance of the stone.

A wavy girdle is an irregularity in the girdle of a diamond, where the thickness varies or the edge does not follow a consistent plane. This can result from natural imperfections in the rough diamond or the cutting process and can negatively affect the symmetry and overall appearance of the diamond. A wavy girdle typically leads to a lower symmetry grade during the grading process, which in turn may impact the diamond’s value and desirability. Although it may not be immediately visible, a wavy girdle can influence the aesthetic balance and light performance of the diamond, making it an important factor to consider in a diamond’s evaluation.

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Upper-Girdle Facet

An Upper-Girdle Facet refers to a triangle-shaped facet that is positioned along the girdle of a diamond, specifically on the crown portion. These facets are part of the overall diamond structure and play a role in both the aesthetic appeal and the light performance of the diamond. They are located just above the girdle (the widest part of the diamond), and they help to define the outline and symmetry of the diamond.

Key Characteristics of Upper-Girdle Facets
Location:

The upper-girdle facets are found on the crown of the diamond, which is the top portion above the girdle. The facets extend from the girdle towards the top of the diamond, near the table facet.
These facets are positioned between the star facets (which surround the table) and the bezel facets (which form the uppermost portion of the crown, adjacent to the girdle).
Shape:

The upper-girdle facets are typically triangle-shaped, although their exact shape can vary slightly depending on the cut of the diamond.
The facet shape is designed to complement the overall geometry of the diamond and align symmetrically with the other facets to ensure optimal light reflection and brilliance.
Function and Impact:

Upper-girdle facets play an important role in the light performance of a diamond. They help to create the overall brilliance and scintillation (the flashes of light) seen when the diamond is moved.
These facets aid in directing light into the diamond and back out through the top, contributing to the sparkle and life that diamonds are known for. The way these facets are cut affects how well light enters the diamond, as well as how it is reflected and dispersed, enhancing the fire and brilliance.
Proportions and Symmetry:

Upper-girdle facets are often assessed in terms of proportions and symmetry during diamond grading. When properly aligned and proportioned, they contribute positively to the overall visual appeal of the diamond.
These facets need to be carefully crafted to ensure that they work in harmony with the other facets, such as the table, bezel facets, and pavilion facets, to produce the maximum amount of light reflection and refraction.
Importance in Diamond Cut:

Upper-girdle facets are part of the overall cut quality of the diamond, which is one of the most important factors in determining its value and visual appeal.
The quality of the cut—including how the upper-girdle facets are shaped, sized, and aligned—directly affects the diamond’s brilliance and scintillation. Therefore, these facets are essential in achieving an excellent cut grade on a diamond grading report.
Role in Different Cuts
In the most popular diamond shape, the round brilliant cut, the upper-girdle facets are specifically designed to enhance the diamond’s ability to reflect light and produce the desired sparkle.
In fancy-shaped diamonds, such as emerald cut or pear-shaped diamonds, the use of upper-girdle facets may vary or be absent, as different cutting styles have different faceting structures tailored to the shape and proportions of the diamond.
Visual and Aesthetic Impact
Properly cut upper-girdle facets contribute to the diamond’s symmetry and overall visual appeal. When these facets are aligned and proportioned correctly, they create a diamond that has a balanced, harmonious appearance.
These facets can also affect the appearance of the diamond’s size, as they help to define the outer edges of the diamond, creating the appearance of a larger, more well-defined shape.

The upper-girdle facets of a diamond are important, triangular facets positioned on the crown just above the girdle. These facets play a significant role in the diamond’s light performance, contributing to its brilliance, fire, and overall aesthetic appeal. The alignment and proportion of upper-girdle facets are crucial for ensuring a well-cut diamond that exhibits maximum sparkle. Their position and shape help to enhance the overall symmetry and light reflection, making them an essential element in the overall cut quality and beauty of the diamond.

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Twinning Line

A Twinning Line is a specific type of diamond inclusion that appears as a line or ribbon of small marks, which can include pinpoints, feathers, clouds, and crystals. These lines are typically visible under magnification and are a result of the natural growth process of diamonds within the Earth’s crust. They are a characteristic feature of diamonds that have undergone the complex geological conditions that contribute to their formation.

Formation of Twinning Lines
Twinning lines are created when two rough diamonds have grown together during the process of diamond formation, which takes place deep within the Earth under extreme heat and pressure. This interaction causes a part of the diamond’s crystal structure to form in alignment with the other diamond, resulting in the characteristic lines or ribbons of inclusions.

In most cases, the twinning line represents the point where two diamond crystals have joined or interacted during the diamond’s formation. Over time, as the diamonds are subjected to various geological pressures and environmental conditions, these areas of growth can lead to the inclusion of tiny pinpoints, feathers, or other microscopic crystals, creating a visible line within the diamond’s structure.

Characteristics of Twinning Lines
Appearance:

Twinning lines appear as linear inclusions that may be faint or more prominent depending on the diamond. The line often looks like a ribbon or strip, and it may be composed of multiple inclusions, such as pinpoints, tiny feathers, or clouds, which are all clustered together in the line.
These lines can vary in appearance, some being thin and subtle, while others may be more bold and visible under magnification.
Location:

Twinning lines are typically found within the interior of the diamond, often extending across the girdle, pavilion, or crown. However, the location can vary, and they may be visible on any facet of the diamond, depending on how the rough diamond has formed.
The inclusions formed by twinning lines may not always be visible to the naked eye, but they are often detectable under 10x magnification, which is commonly used by gemologists to inspect diamonds during grading.
Nature of Inclusions:

The inclusions that form along twinning lines are often a mix of pinpoints (tiny, round inclusions), feathers (thin, hair-like cracks or fractures), clouds (groupings of pinpoints or other inclusions that create a hazy appearance), and crystals (other mineral crystals that may be trapped inside the diamond).
These inclusions are usually microscopic, but in some cases, they can affect the overall clarity of the diamond, depending on their size and concentration.
Gemological Significance of Twinning Lines
Identification:

Twinning lines serve as an important feature for identifying diamonds. They are a unique inclusion type that is generally found in natural diamonds, making them a useful tool for gemologists and diamond appraisers when distinguishing between natural and synthetic diamonds.
When present, twinning lines are often recorded in the diamond’s grading report to help trace the diamond’s origins and confirm its authenticity.
Clarity Grade Impact:

The presence of twinning lines can affect the clarity grade of a diamond. Depending on the visibility and size of the inclusions within the twinning line, they may cause the diamond to be graded lower for clarity. However, if the twinning line is internal and does not interfere with the diamond’s surface or overall aesthetic appeal, the impact on the clarity grade may be minimal.
In some cases, diamonds with visible twinning lines might be priced lower than those with fewer or no inclusions, though this also depends on other factors such as the diamond’s size, cut, and colour.
Value Consideration:

Twinning lines do not necessarily have a significant effect on a diamond’s overall market value, particularly if they are small and not easily visible to the naked eye. However, in diamonds with heavier twinning inclusions, these markings may slightly decrease the value depending on their visibility and impact on the diamond’s overall appearance and clarity.
For many diamond buyers, the presence of twinning lines might not be a major concern, especially when purchasing diamonds with high colour and cut quality. However, collectors or those seeking the most flawless diamonds may prefer stones that are free from such inclusions.
Twinning Lines and Diamond Quality
Impact on Aesthetics:

Twinning lines are generally considered natural features of a diamond and are not seen as negative traits by many buyers. While they may cause slight cloudiness or haziness, particularly when accompanied by other inclusions, they do not detract from the overall beauty of the diamond as long as they are not too prominent.
The quality of the diamond’s cut can sometimes mitigate the effects of twinning lines, as a well-cut diamond will often have more sparkle and brilliance, making inclusions like twinning lines less noticeable.
The “Twinning” Phenomenon:

The term “twinning” refers to a specific crystallographic phenomenon where the crystal lattice of two diamond crystals becomes intertwined during their formation. This causes the diamonds to grow in mirror-image symmetry, leading to the creation of the twinning line. This natural occurrence can make diamonds with twinning lines unique and interesting, offering a fascinating glimpse into the diamond’s formation process.

Twinning lines are an intriguing and distinctive type of diamond inclusion formed when two rough diamonds grow together during the natural crystallisation process. These lines appear as ribbons or stripes of small inclusions, such as pinpoints, feathers, clouds, and crystals. While they can affect the diamond’s clarity grade, they are typically a natural characteristic and are often used by gemologists to authenticate diamonds. The presence of twinning lines can slightly decrease a diamond’s value, but they do not necessarily detract from the diamond’s overall beauty or brilliance, especially if they are small and not easily visible to the naked eye.

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Trilliant

Diamond cut or shaped into a triangle, sometimes with curved sides.

A Trilliant cut, also known as a trillion cut, is a diamond shape characterised by its triangle-like outline. This cut is typically symmetrical, with three sides and sharp, pointed corners. The sides of the Trilliant cut may be straight or, in some cases, slightly curved, giving the shape a more rounded appearance depending on the specific design.

This diamond shape is distinctive for its triangular form, and it can be cut in varying styles, from classic triangles with straight edges to more softened versions where the sides are slightly curved. While the Trilliant cut can be used for both round and square diamonds, it is most commonly associated with fancy shape diamonds, offering a modern alternative to traditional shapes like the round brilliant or the pear cut.

Trilliant Cut Characteristics
Shape:

The Trilliant cut has a triangular shape with sharp corners. The edges can be either straight or slightly curved, depending on the design. The curved edges are sometimes referred to as the “modified” Trilliant cut, offering a softer, more rounded appearance.
Facets:

Typically, a Trilliant cut diamond features fewer facets than more intricate cuts like the round brilliant, but it often includes kite-shaped facets on the crown and pavilion. The number of facets can vary, but most Trilliant cuts have around 41 facets in total. The way the facets are arranged plays a significant role in the diamond’s brilliance and sparkle.
Symmetry and Proportions:

Like other diamond cuts, the symmetry of the Trilliant cut is important for ensuring it achieves the best possible brilliance and sparkle. The proportions, including the depth, table size, and crown angle, are critical to its performance in light reflection and dispersion.
Versatility:

The Trilliant cut is highly versatile and can be used for both solitaires and accent stones in a variety of jewellery pieces, including engagement rings, earrings, necklaces, and bracelets. It can be a striking centrepiece or serve as a complementary stone alongside other diamond shapes, adding a bold and contemporary touch.
Variations:

The traditional Trilliant cut is a right-angle triangle, with equal sides. However, variations include elongated Trilliant diamonds, which have more rectangular-like proportions, and curved-edge Trilliant diamonds, which offer a softer and more organic look.
Appeal and Advantages of the Trilliant Cut
Unique Appearance:

One of the primary draws of the Trilliant cut is its distinctive and contemporary look. The clean lines and sharp angles create a bold, dramatic effect that stands out compared to more traditional diamond shapes.
Brilliance and Fire:

The brilliance of a Trilliant cut diamond depends heavily on its proportions and the quality of the cut. Although it has fewer facets than the round brilliant cut, a well-proportioned Trilliant diamond can still exhibit significant brilliance and fire, with flashes of colour and light as the diamond is moved.
Versatile Settings:

Trilliant diamonds can be set in a variety of metal settings, including platinum, white gold, yellow gold, or rose gold, which allow the unique shape to shine in any type of design. Their triangular shape pairs well with both modern and vintage-inspired jewellery settings.
Good Use of Size:

Due to the nature of the Trilliant cut, this shape can help maximise the visual size of smaller diamonds. Because the shape is relatively compact compared to some other fancy cuts, it gives the appearance of a larger diamond while maintaining a well-balanced appearance.
Ideal Uses for Trilliant Cut Diamonds
Engagement Rings:

While the round brilliant cut remains the most popular choice for engagement rings, the Trilliant cut offers a unique alternative for those looking for something different. It can be used as a centre stone or as accent stones around a larger central diamond to create a dramatic effect.
Accent Stones:

The Trilliant cut is often used as an accent stone in designs, particularly alongside round diamonds or emerald cuts. The triangular shape can provide contrast and create a striking focal point in jewellery pieces such as rings, earrings, and pendants.
Modern Jewellery Designs:

Its angular, contemporary look makes the Trilliant cut particularly suited for modern and bold jewellery designs. Whether paired with white diamonds, coloured gemstones, or used alone, the Trilliant cut adds a striking and edgy element to any piece.
Considerations and Drawbacks
Visibility of Inclusions:

Like many fancy cuts, the Trilliant cut’s open design can sometimes make inclusions more visible than they would be in other cuts. This is particularly true for diamonds with lower clarity grades, so it’s important to choose a high-quality diamond for this cut to ensure it is eye-clean.
Size Perception:

While the Trilliant cut is often used for its distinctive appearance, its compact shape may make a diamond appear smaller than a similarly carat-weighted round diamond. For those prioritising size, it is essential to consider the proportions and angles of the cut.

The Trilliant cut is a bold and eye-catching diamond shape that offers a unique alternative to traditional round diamonds. With its triangular form and sharp corners, this cut is ideal for those looking for a contemporary, statement-making diamond. Whether used as a central stone or as part of a design with accent diamonds, the Trilliant cut can add brilliance, fire, and a touch of modern elegance to any jewellery piece.

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Trigon

A Trigon is a unique feature found in some natural diamonds that is characterised by its triangular shape, often appearing as fine, concentric triangular lines or marks. These trigon patterns are typically seen on the surface of the diamond, and they form due to the natural growth and crystal structure of the diamond during its formation deep within the Earth.

Trigons are particularly important in the field of diamond identification and diamond grading, as their presence can serve as a definitive indicator that a diamond is natural, distinguishing it from synthetic or man-made diamonds. These markings are not commonly found on diamonds that have been synthetically produced in a laboratory environment, making them a key feature for gemologists when verifying the authenticity of a diamond.

Formation of Trigons
Trigons are formed as part of the natural crystallisation process of a diamond. They arise from the growth patterns within the diamond’s crystal lattice. As the diamond forms under extreme heat and pressure deep within the Earth, the atoms in the crystal align in a very specific way, leading to the appearance of these fine triangular lines on the surface of the diamond.

The exact appearance and positioning of the trigons can vary depending on the specific growth conditions and the orientation of the diamond’s crystal structure. While the trigons themselves may be very fine and microscopic, they are typically visible under magnification using tools like a jeweller’s loupe or microscope.

Identification of Natural Diamonds
Trigons are a strong indicator that a diamond is natural, as they are rarely, if ever, seen in synthetic diamonds. The formation of these fine triangular lines is a direct result of the natural growth process of diamonds, and their presence can be considered one of the tell-tale features used by gemologists to confirm a diamond’s authenticity.

When a diamond is subjected to high magnification, these trigons are typically seen as small, triangular grooves or lines that radiate from the centre of the facet, resembling a fan-like or concentric pattern. They are often most visible on the pavilion facets of the diamond, though they can occasionally be found on the crown facets as well.

Trigon Markings and Natural Diamond Identification
Because trigons are exclusive to natural diamonds, they play a vital role in the gemological analysis of diamonds. Advanced testing and examination techniques, such as microscopic examination or spectroscopic analysis, can reveal these markings, providing a clear distinction between natural and synthetic diamonds.

Furthermore, Trigons are particularly significant for diamond authentication. In addition to other characteristics, such as inclusions or crystal formation patterns, trigons offer a way for gemologists to trace a diamond’s origin and determine whether it has been subject to artificial creation processes.

Importance in the Diamond Market
While trigons are a natural feature, their presence can sometimes add to the uniqueness of a diamond, particularly in the context of natural diamond collections and antique jewellery. For collectors or buyers of natural diamonds, the presence of trigons may enhance the perceived value, as it adds a layer of authenticity and rarity to the gemstone.

In addition, these natural growth features can be a useful tool for diamond appraisers and gemologists who are tasked with identifying and grading diamonds. Trigons help confirm that the diamond has not been altered, treated, or synthetically produced, ensuring that it maintains its full natural value.

Trigons are triangular, concentric marks found in natural diamonds, created by the crystal growth process deep within the Earth. These fine markings are a definitive indicator of a diamond’s natural origin and are used by gemologists and appraisers to authenticate diamonds. Trigons are an important feature in distinguishing natural diamonds from synthetic diamonds, and their presence contributes to the unique nature of a natural diamond.

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Treated Diamond

Treated Diamond Diamonds that are artificially enhanced, to improve either colour or clarity

A treated diamond refers to a diamond that has undergone artificial enhancement to improve one or more of its natural characteristics, typically either its colour or clarity. These treatments can significantly alter the appearance of the diamond from its original state, and they may influence its value and marketability. As a result, any treatment a diamond has undergone must be fully disclosed to ensure transparency in the diamond’s history and characteristics.

Diamonds that are treated are usually more affordable than untreated diamonds with similar characteristics because the treatments aim to improve attributes such as colour intensity or the visibility of inclusions. However, treated diamonds are often valued less than their natural, untreated counterparts due to the fact that they do not retain the same rarity or intrinsic value.

Types of Diamond Treatments
Laser Drilling:

Laser drilling is a process used to reduce the visibility of inclusions, especially those near the surface of the diamond. A laser is used to create a small hole into the diamond, which is then filled with a material such as glass or resin to make the inclusion less noticeable.
While laser drilling can improve the clarity of a diamond, it leaves behind tiny, microscopic marks that are visible under magnification. These marks should be disclosed on a grading report.
High-Temperature, High-Pressure (HTHP) Treatment:

The HTHP method is used primarily to improve the colour of diamonds, especially those with a lower colour grade (yellow or brown diamonds). This treatment involves subjecting the diamond to high temperatures and pressures, simulating the conditions under which diamonds form in the earth.
HTHP treatment can also be used to enhance the natural blue or green colour of diamonds. However, it can cause some diamonds to change colour in ways that are not predictable, and the effects of the treatment can sometimes fade over time.
Laser Ablation:

Laser ablation is a process used to remove or reduce the appearance of inclusions and blemishes in a diamond. In this treatment, lasers are used to burn away the inclusions, leaving behind a clearer stone.
This process is more precise than laser drilling and can be used to remove darker inclusions, making the diamond appear cleaner. However, like laser drilling, it leaves small marks that can be detected under magnification.
Clarity Enhancement:

Clarity enhancement includes methods like laser drilling and fracture filling (where fractures in the diamond are filled with a special resin to make them less visible). These treatments aim to improve the diamond’s clarity grade by reducing the visibility of inclusions or fractures.
Clarity enhancements can have a lasting effect on the diamond’s appearance, but the treatments may also affect the diamond’s durability over time, especially in the case of fracture filling.
Fracture Filling:

Fracture filling is a treatment designed to improve the clarity of diamonds with visible cracks or fractures. A special filling material is injected into the diamond’s surface cracks, which makes the fractures less noticeable.
The filling material used in this process can sometimes wear away or discolor over time, especially if exposed to heat or certain chemicals. This makes fracture-filled diamonds potentially less durable in the long term.
Ion Implantation:

Ion implantation is a technique used to modify a diamond’s colour by implanting small amounts of specific elements, such as nitrogen or boron, into the diamond’s surface. This can change the diamond’s hue to a desired shade, often enhancing or altering the diamond’s overall colour.
While this method can create vibrant colours, the resulting diamond may not be as durable as untreated diamonds because the process only affects the surface layer, leaving the rest of the diamond in its natural state.
Coating:

Some diamonds are treated with a coating to improve their appearance. These coatings can enhance the colour, giving the diamond a more intense hue, or improve the clarity by hiding inclusions. Common coatings include diamond-like carbon (DLC) or enhancement coatings.
Coatings are often temporary and can wear off over time, especially if the diamond is exposed to harsh conditions such as abrasion, heat, or chemicals.
Colour Enhancement:

This treatment is primarily used on diamonds that are near the lower end of the colour scale, often brown or yellow diamonds. Using various techniques, including the HTHP method, lasers, or irradiation, the natural colour of the diamond can be enhanced to give it a more vibrant and desirable hue.
Colour-enhanced diamonds are often referred to as “fancy colour diamonds” if they fall into specific ranges of colour intensity and saturation, such as blue, green, or pink. However, the enhancement process must be disclosed, as it can impact the overall value and authenticity of the diamond.
Irradiation:

Irradiation involves exposing diamonds to radiation to alter their colour, often producing intense blues, greens, or other rare colours. The treatment can also be combined with the HTHP process to deepen the colour of diamonds.
Irradiation treatments can result in a permanent change to the diamond’s colour, but these diamonds are still considered treated diamonds and should be evaluated for their overall condition and authenticity.
Disclosure of Treated Diamonds
Because treated diamonds have undergone artificial enhancement, their treatments must be disclosed when they are bought, sold, or traded. Failure to disclose a diamond’s treatment status can be considered fraudulent and may lead to legal consequences. It is crucial for consumers and dealers to understand that while treated diamonds may offer a more affordable option, they typically hold a lower value than natural, untreated diamonds due to the fact that their characteristics have been artificially altered.

Market Considerations and Value
The value of a treated diamond is typically lower than that of a natural, untreated diamond with similar appearance and specifications. This is because treated diamonds are considered less rare and may not have the same long-term durability. Additionally, the resale value of treated diamonds is often lower due to the artificial nature of the enhancements.

Fancy Colour Treated Diamonds are an exception in some cases, where treated diamonds with vibrant, rare colours such as blue or green may still command a premium, especially if the colour enhancement is carefully controlled and results in a highly sought-after hue.

Treated diamonds have been artificially altered to improve their colour or clarity, making them more affordable and attractive to some buyers. However, the treatments can affect their long-term durability and value, so it is crucial for both buyers and sellers to fully disclose any treatments performed on a diamond. Transparency in the market helps to maintain trust and allows customers to make informed decisions when purchasing diamonds.

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Transparency

Transparency in diamonds refers to the degree to which light can pass through the diamond’s material, offering a direct connection to the clarity and quality of the crystal. The transparency of a diamond is an important factor in its overall appearance, as it influences the brilliance and fire exhibited by the stone. A diamond with high transparency will allow light to pass through it more efficiently, resulting in a more vibrant, sparkling appearance, while a diamond with lower transparency may appear cloudy or hazy, diminishing its overall beauty and value.

Transparency is closely linked to the presence of inclusions and blemishes, which can block or scatter light as it passes through the diamond. The clearer the diamond, the more light it can transmit, enhancing its sparkle and overall visual appeal.

Factors Affecting Diamond Transparency:
Inclusions and Internal Clarity:

Inclusions are internal flaws within the diamond, such as air bubbles, mineral crystals, or other structural anomalies. These inclusions can block or scatter light, reducing the transparency of the diamond. A higher concentration of inclusions generally leads to poorer transparency.
Cloudy or milky diamonds are often the result of inclusions, which cause light to diffuse rather than pass through cleanly, creating a lack of brilliance.
Blemishes:

Blemishes, such as scratches or surface marks, can also affect transparency. Although blemishes are typically not as impactful as internal inclusions, they can still cause minor distortions in light transmission.
Surface blemishes may scatter light across the surface of the diamond, reducing its clarity and transparency.
Crystal Quality:

The overall quality of the diamond’s crystal structure plays a significant role in its transparency. Diamonds with well-formed, well-arranged, and pure crystal structures tend to have better transparency, as these diamonds are less likely to have inclusions that obstruct light.
Synthetic diamonds can sometimes have better transparency compared to natural diamonds because they are often grown under controlled conditions that reduce the presence of inclusions.
Grading of Transparency:

Transparency is typically evaluated by the presence of any factors that could diminish the passage of light through the diamond, such as inclusions, cloudiness, or haziness. In diamonds, clarity and transparency are often closely connected.
DCLA Transparency Grading System evaluates the degree of transparency based on how clearly light can pass through the diamond and how free the diamond is from inclusions or imperfections that would disrupt light transmission.
Transparency and Colour:

The transparency of a diamond can also be affected by its colour. While diamonds come in a range of colours, the more transparent and colourless a diamond is, the better the light can pass through it. The colourless diamonds (graded D in the GIA scale) typically offer superior transparency and brilliance.
Coloured diamonds, depending on their hue, may have a slightly reduced transparency, as the colour intensity can block some light from passing through the stone. However, high-quality fancy coloured diamonds can still exhibit excellent transparency and brilliance despite their colour.
Refraction and Light Performance:

The way a diamond refracts light, bending and reflecting it through its facets, plays a major role in its perceived transparency. A diamond with poor transparency may not refract light as well, leading to a loss of sparkle and brilliance.
Diamonds with superior transparency allow light to pass through the stone more easily, resulting in greater fire and brilliance, which are essential characteristics for a high-quality diamond.
Cut and Transparency:

The cut of the diamond significantly influences how well light travels through the diamond and how transparent it appears. A well-cut diamond will have optimal symmetry and proportions, ensuring that light enters and exits the stone in a way that maximises its brilliance and transparency.
A poorly cut diamond may trap light inside or cause light to leak out of the bottom, affecting the overall transparency and visual appeal of the stone.
Types of Transparency in Diamonds:
Clear or Transparent: Diamonds with little to no inclusions or blemishes that allow light to pass freely through the stone. These diamonds exhibit optimal brilliance and fire, and are highly valued for their transparency.
Cloudy or Milky: These diamonds have significant internal inclusions or other characteristics that block or diffuse light, reducing transparency. Cloudy diamonds may appear hazy or dull, with a reduced level of brilliance.
Opaque: In rare cases, diamonds can be so clouded by inclusions or internal defects that they are considered opaque, meaning they do not allow light to pass through at all. These diamonds have extremely low transparency and are generally considered unsuitable for use in jewellery.
Transparency Grading:
Transparency is not a standard grading factor on all diamond grading reports, but it can still be assessed by gemologists based on the visibility of inclusions and their impact on light transmission. The DCLA Transparency Grading System specifically assesses how a diamond’s transparency is affected by its internal and external characteristics, including inclusions, blemishes, and crystal structure. Diamonds with high transparency are generally considered more valuable and desirable, as they exhibit a greater ability to reflect and refract light, making them more brilliant and visually stunning.

Transparency is a key characteristic of a diamond’s overall appearance and value. A diamond with high transparency allows light to pass through it more effectively, enhancing its brilliance and fire. Factors such as inclusions, blemishes, and the quality of the crystal structure all play a significant role in determining a diamond’s transparency. Understanding transparency is crucial for evaluating a diamond’s overall clarity and how it performs in terms of visual appeal, sparkle, and brilliance. The DCLA Transparency Grading System helps to assess this aspect in more detail, providing an objective evaluation of the light transmission quality of diamonds.

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Toughness

Toughness Measure of brittleness, or resistance to fracture and breaking

Toughness refers to a diamond’s resistance to fracture or breaking when subjected to impact or stress. While diamonds are known for their exceptional hardness, which allows them to resist scratching and abrasion, toughness measures how well a diamond can withstand physical force, such as chipping or cracking. Toughness is an essential characteristic when evaluating the durability of a diamond, particularly when it comes to everyday wear and usage in jewellery.

Though diamonds are one of the hardest materials on Earth, they are not immune to damage. Due to the crystal structure of diamonds, they have certain planes of weakness that can make them susceptible to breaking if impacted along these planes. Therefore, while a diamond may not scratch easily, it can still fracture or split under the right conditions. This makes toughness an important factor in assessing how a diamond will perform in real-world scenarios, such as in rings or other jewellery that is regularly exposed to physical stress.

Understanding Diamond Toughness:
Hardness vs. Toughness:

Hardness refers to a material’s ability to resist scratching, and diamonds are the hardest known natural substance, scoring a 10 on the Mohs scale of hardness.
Toughness, on the other hand, refers to how well a material can absorb energy without breaking or fracturing. While diamonds are incredibly hard, they are not as tough as some other materials due to their brittleness. This means that while diamonds can resist scratching, they may be more prone to chipping or cracking if hit at certain angles.
Directional Hardness:

One of the key factors influencing the toughness of a diamond is its directional hardness. Diamonds have a crystal structure known as cubic or isometric, which means that their atoms are arranged in a specific way that makes them incredibly hard in certain directions but more vulnerable in others.
While the diamond is extremely hard along its axes, this structural alignment can make it more prone to cleaving or splitting along certain planes, especially when it experiences a strong impact. These planes of weakness make diamonds more fragile in some situations, particularly if subjected to sharp blows or pressure.
Toughness Rating:

Diamonds do not have a standard toughness rating in the same way that they are graded for hardness. However, toughness is typically described in terms of how resistant a diamond is to breaking, chipping, or fracturing.
Toughness can be affected by factors such as the quality of the cut, inclusions, and fractures present in the diamond. A diamond with significant internal flaws, such as inclusions, may be less tough and more likely to break or chip under stress than a flawless diamond.
Factors Influencing Diamond Toughness:

Clarity: Diamonds with inclusions or internal fractures are generally more prone to breakage. These internal weaknesses can compromise the diamond’s toughness, making it more vulnerable to impact.
Cut Quality: A well-cut diamond with proper proportions and symmetry will often be more durable, as the cut will reduce the likelihood of creating stress points where fractures could occur. A poorly cut diamond may have internal tensions that make it more fragile.
Size and Shape: Larger diamonds or diamonds with more complex shapes (like those with sharp corners or thin edges) may be more susceptible to chipping or fracturing if impacted. The shape and overall structure of the diamond can affect its ability to absorb force without damage.
Real-World Application:

While diamonds are the hardest known material, their brittleness means that they need to be handled with care. Diamonds used in jewellery, such as engagement rings or bracelets, are typically designed to avoid exposure to significant impact or stress.
For example, diamonds with sharp corners (like princess cut diamonds) or thin edges (like emerald cut diamonds) may be more susceptible to chipping than those with rounder shapes, such as the round brilliant cut, which typically has a stronger overall structure.
Bezel settings or halo settings in jewellery can offer additional protection to the diamond, keeping it shielded from accidental impact.
Toughness in Coloured Diamonds:

While most of the principles regarding diamond toughness apply to colourless diamonds, coloured diamonds may have their own unique challenges. For example, some coloured diamonds, especially those with intense colours like red or blue, may have inclusions or internal characteristics that affect their toughness.
Coloured diamonds, due to their often unique internal structures, may exhibit slightly different behaviour under impact, but they still share the same basic brittleness as other diamonds.
Toughness and Diamond Jewellery:

When choosing a diamond for daily wear jewellery, toughness is an important consideration, especially for items like engagement rings, which are subject to constant wear and potential impact.
A diamond’s setting also plays a role in how well it can withstand rough treatment. A prong setting, for example, may expose the diamond to more risk of damage, while a bezel setting can offer more protection.

Diamond toughness is an essential characteristic that determines a diamond’s ability to withstand impact and stress without fracturing or breaking. Although diamonds are the hardest material on Earth, their brittleness means they can still break along planes of weakness in their crystal structure. Therefore, toughness is closely linked to hardness but involves how well a diamond resists fractures, chips, and cracks from physical force. When choosing a diamond for jewellery, it is important to consider the diamond’s clarity, cut, and shape, as these factors can influence the diamond’s overall toughness and resistance to damage.